staging lec7 for db/networking + part of lab stuff

cst311/lec/lec7.md

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+# lec7 
+
+## Transport Layer
+
+Transport protocols usually lie in an end node's operating system.
+
+Send side:
+
+* Here we break the messages into _segments_, then we pass that segment into the network layer.
+
+Receive side:
+
+* Reassembles the segments into messages then passes it off to the application layer.
+
+If the network layer is communication then the transport layer is essentially running processes talking to each other on different nodes.
+Keep in mind as well that we don't concern ourselves with the responsibilities of other layers.
+
+## Transport Layer Protocols
+
+* TCP
+
+Reliable, in-order delivery. Also provides congestion and flow control, but requires connections to be opened.
+
+* UDP
+
+_No frills_ extension 
+
+
+Two things that both of the above do not offer however
+
+* Delay guarantees
+* Bandwidth guarantees
+
+## Multiplexing and Demultiplexing
+
+### Multi
+
+Handle data from multiple sockets, add transport header 
+
+For connectionless oriented multiplexing the segments must contain both the source and destination port numbers.
+However, conecction oriented multiplexing we need source/destination IP and port numbers.
+
+### Demultiplexing
+
+Host receives IP datagrams:
+
+* Each DG has soure IP and destination IP
+* Each DG carries one transport-layer segment
+* Each segment source and destination port number
+
+There is also connectionless de-multiplexing
+
+* Host must check destination port # in the given segment
+* It then passes that segment to the socket with that port number
+
+If we have nultiple segments with the same destination socket then they just get sent to that segment in some fashion. 
+
+__TCP__ sockets are identified by a tuple of 4 items:
+
+* source IP
+* source PORT
+* destination IP
+* destination PORT
+
+The receiver uses this tuple to direct segments to the proper socket.
+For something like a webserver this also means that creating these sockets will mean there is some overhead as well which usually means we maintain sockets for some time to avoid that overhead. 
+The benefit to this however is that with open connections we are able to serve content more quickly.
+
+
+## UDP Segment
+
+* Header 
+
+64 bits of length
+
+Lower 16 bits of the header is dedicaated to the check sum is gets verified on the receiver's end.
+Lower 16 bits is essentially an addc checksum with a not at the end.

cst363/lec/lec7.md

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+# lec7
+
+## Lab Activity
+
+This lecture has two correspondnig lab activities in `lab/` using `1994-census-summary.sql` with instrucctions on `aggregation-lab.pdf` and `nested-subqueries-lab.pdf`.
+
+## Null Operations
+
+take the following table as a trivial example of working data
+
+```
+a | b
+-----
+1 | 2
+3 | N
+```
+
+Where `a` and `b` are attributes and N signifiies a NULL value.
+If we `select a+b from table` we only get back 2 rows like normal but the second row is left empty since we are operating with a NULL value.
+Even if we use multiplication or some kind of comparison against null we simply ignore that row since NULL in sqlite3 doesn't mean 0.
+Instead NULL in sqlite3 actually represents something that doesn't exist.
+
+> count will treat NULL as 0 however
+
+This is the only exception to the _ignore NULL_ "rule".
+
+## Aggregation
+
+This section we'll deal with functions similar to `count average min max`.
+We call these functions _aggreagate_ functions because they aggregate multiple data points into one.
+
+> round(integer)
+
+Rounds off the floating point number to some level of precision.
+
+> group by _attr_
+
+This will group attributes to gether in the result of a query
+
+> having(attribute)
+
+Similar to `where` however we only care about group scope in this case.
+
+## Nested Subqueries
+
+Recall that when we perform a query the result is a table. 
+We can leverage this and perform some query to query a resultant table to further our ability to filter results from a table.