final paper things - not done yet

env/ch1011.md

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+California State University Monterey Bay
+
+SBS 385 *Environmental History of California*
+
+California: A History (Starr 2005) Chapter Notes on the themes of
+Science and Technology, Art and Lifestyle
+
+**Chapter 10 O Brave New World!: Seeking Utopia Through Science and
+Technology**
+
+The development of mining technology led to the Pelton turbine, a
+California invention, which in turn brought **hydroelectricity**, which
+in turn made possible an industrial infrastructure. In California,
+**aviation** was adopted and perfected, by the 1920s scientists took the
+lead in **vacuum tube technology**, making possible **radio** and
+**television**, and the 1930s were smashing the **atom**, the 1950s
+through the **semiconductor**, the digital revolution, then came
+**biotechnology**.
+
+In each instance, the specific **scientific, engineering, or
+technological advance** emerging from California was linked to the
+effort to **discover a truth**, **solve a problem**, **make a profit**,
+make **productive use of one’s time**, and, in the process, make the
+world **a better and more interesting place**. Open, flexible,
+entrepreneurial, unembarrassed by the profit motive, California emerged
+as a society friendly to the **search for utopia through science and
+technology**. The **California Academy of Sciences** goal would be the
+“systematic survey of every portion of the state and the collection of a
+cabinet of rare and rich productions”.
+
+A group of Californians led by Frederick Law Olmsted, the noted traveler
+and landscape architect, lobbied through Congress a bill setting aside
+under the protection of the state a huge tract of Sierra land that
+included the Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Big Trees. Camping trips
+became a rite of passage and celebration for Californians eager to
+define to themselves just exactly what California was all about.
+
+John Muir encountered Yosemite and the mountains of California that gave
+rise to a lifetime vocation. He served as the first president of the
+Sierra Club, founded in 1892, and in 1903 camped out in Yosemite with
+President Theodore Roosevelt. He ceaselessly advocated the creation of a
+national park system.
+
+**Geology, mining, astronomy, aviation**: here were some basic
+stimulants to scientific creativity in California. New inventions in
+Palo Alto would soon be making an entirely new world of
+**transcontinental phone calls, radio, television, and high-speed
+electronics** possible. In the first three decades of the 20^th^
+century, Stanford University developed a special expertise in
+**electrical engineering**. Across the Bay in Berkeley, meanwhile, a
+contribution was being made to the most important scientific and
+technological feat of the 20^th^ century: releasing the power of the
+atom, making Berkeley a center for **nuclear research**. Palo Alto had
+become the epicenter of **high-tech venture capitalism**, serving
+Silicon Valley start-ups.
+
+Silicon Valley, as the region triangulated by Palo Alto, Sunnyvale, and
+San Jose soon came to be called, was a place, a culture, a center of
+invention and manufacture that revolutionized society itself by taking
+to new levels the way people communicated, stored and retrieved
+information, analyzed problems, and increasingly, thought. It was as if
+a new neural network had been created for the human race: a digital and
+silicon-based circuitry that extended the capacity of the individual
+human being by linking him or her to a vast ocean of data and to
+software applications capable of driving a myriad of programs for
+navigating that ocean. The introduction to the public in 1983 of the
+**Internet** – in the invention of which California-based scientists
+played key roles – compounded this collective nooshphere (to use the
+terminology of the Jesuit mystic Teilhard de Chardin), this shared and
+integrated community of information. No wonder Silicon Valley companies
+were so different in their organizational structure, so nonhierarchical,
+so quick to cluster talent for specific purposes, then reassemble it for
+another task! **Their very product represented an** **evolutionary step
+forward for the human race**.
+
+Yet so fervent had become this faith in science that 59% of the
+Californians voting in the November 2004 election passed Proposition 71
+authorizing the sale of \$3 billion in bonds over a ten-year period to
+finance state-monitored programs of stem cell research. Bypassing the
+National Institutes of Health, which had been sponsoring biological
+research at the federal level for 117 years, Proposition 71 asserted
+California as a nation-state enamored – beyond considerations of
+theology and/or fiscal prudence in the midst of a continuing budget
+crisis – of seeking utopia through science and technology, which had
+become a way of life.
+
+**Chapter 11 An Imagine Place: Art and Life on the Coast of Dreams**
+
+The 20^th^ century witnessed the debut of **three entertainment media**
+– film, radio, and television – dependent upon electronic technologies
+developed in California. California continued to energize the arts as
+matrix, occasion, and subject, the **arts defined and redefined
+California as an imagined place**.
+
+Robinson **Jeffers** (poet who lived in Carmel-by-the-Sea) took the
+fundamental aesthetic premise of California since the mid-nineteenth
+century, **nature**, and make of it **a lifestyle, a philosophy, and a
+poetic practice**.
+
+John **Steinbeck** (raised in Salinas and studied biology at Stanford)
+saw human life more elemental terms: biologically, that is, as living
+organisms in a landscape, and collectively as “group-man” held together
+by biological linkages.
+
+William **Saroyan** (writer of Fresno and San Francisco) sought to fill
+the void – in his case, the suspected emptiness of the universe itself –
+with his version of that perennial concern of California writers,
+bohemianism, which is to say, the shoring up of threatened identities
+through art and “hanging out.”
+
+Aldous **Huxley’s** *After Many a Summer Dies the Swan* (1939) – which
+some consider the best Los Angeles novel ever – satirizes California’s
+fake promise of youth through the figure of an aging tycoon based on
+William Randolph Hearst. It ends apocalyptically.
+
+This sense of California’s promise betrayed and doom impending provides
+a leitmotif of writing in the postwar period, most notably by
+Sacramento-born Joan Didion. She more than implied that both her
+personal California, in terms of the myths she had absorbed as a child,
+and the larger California experiment contained what she believed to be a
+crippling level of deceit and self-deception.
+
+The **Beats** of the 1950s agreed, with San Francisco becoming the
+epicenter of the movement for City Lights bookstore founder and poet
+Lawrence Ferlinghetti and writer Jack Kerouac (*On The Road*, *Dharma
+Bums*, *Big Sur*). Allan Ginsberg’s poem *Howl*, the poetic manifesto of
+the Beat movement, evoked the anguish of a postwar generation oppressed
+by the soulless materialism of corporate America and took refuge in sex,
+rebellion, and drugs, often to their own destruction. Theirs was a
+style, a posture, an attitude – as much political as literary – toward
+postwar America, which they believed had become corporate, right-wing,
+cold, and conformist.
+
+Gary **Snyder** (poet and UC Davis professor of English) ultimately
+eschewed politics in favor of a **nature-oriented mysticism** that had
+been a persistent theme of imaginative writing in California since the
+frontier. Snyder had from the beginning the ambience of a seeker. He
+spent twelve years studying Zen Buddhism in Japan and also visited India
+in search of enlightenment. As artist, Gary Snyder was the greatest of
+the Beats, a notable American poet of any school, and, in his nature
+orientation and environmentalism, the example *par excellence* of the
+California tradition he represented and fulfilled.
+
+The **Outdoor Life** characterized the California lifestyle since the
+19^th^ century. If California has made any contribution to sport on a
+national level, it is in the democratization of pursuits that were
+previously the prerogatives of elites, **thanks to recreational policies
+of Progressivism**.
+
+Surfing would become an affordable, widespread pursuit, an icon of the
+California lifestyle, celebrated in song, film, advertising, and other
+media, where everyone is forever young and looked great. Mountaineering,
+skiing, rock climbing, windsurfing, hang gliding – at the interface of
+nature and science further reinforced the “DNA code” of California.

env/ch5.md

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+California State University Monterey Bay
+
+SBS 385 *Environmental History of California*
+
+Excerpts from *California: A History* (Starr 2005) CH 5 Regulation,
+Railroad, and Revolution: Achievement and Turmoil in the New State
+
+Who owned the state, anyway? Very few of the original land grantees had
+come through the process with their holdings, it was a significant
+**transfer of wealth**. The question of **land grants** – their origins
+in the Hispanic era, their validity or invalidity, the lives that were
+made or ruined by titles confirmed or denied – emerged as one of the
+important themes of 19^th^ century California, a situation that would be
+compounded when the railroad became the largest landowner. California
+would remain resistant to small farming. Extensive holdings, together
+with the quasi-feudal economy they encourage, continued to dictate the
+structure of agriculture.
+
+Landowners of Southern California argued for a separate territory south
+of San Louis Obispo while statehood was being debated in Washington DC
+as an effort to extend slavery to the Pacific Coast. The real impetus
+behind dividing California came from the fact that the state was truly
+two, and perhaps even four, **distinct places**: the urbanizing San
+Francisco Bay Area and the mining districts; the Far North; the Central
+Valley; and a sparsely settled Southern California, significantly
+Mexican. The question of dividing the state, while it has grown
+increasingly impractical over the years, has never fully gone away.
+
+It was all happening so quickly! Not for California would there be- nor
+would there ever be, as it turned out- a deliberate process of
+**development**. Mining, first gold then silver, paced the foundation
+and first growth of American California. Agriculture was destined to
+dominate the next sequence of development. The hinterlands of San
+Francisco from San Jose to Healdsburg were developing into productive
+farms, Marin had a thriving dairy industry, and in 1859 people were
+extolling the future of vinticulture and wine-making. The **Gold Rush**
+gave a second wind to the cattle industry.
+
+A number of Hispanic males, displaced by the new order, took to the
+hills as bandits (or freedom fighters a later generation would write).
+Prominent **Californios** maintained their positions, but theirs was,
+ultimately, a time of gradual decline: a twilight of splendor that, even
+as it waned, would in the 1880s and 1890s be reappropriated by a
+generation of **Anglo** Southern Californians anxious to graft
+themselves onto the rootstock of a romantic past. As the Civil War
+approached, **Hispanic** sentiment was overwhelmingly **Unionist**, and
+political sentiment in the state was overwhelmingly pro-Union.
+
+It was national policy to extend the **railroad** across the continent.
+The best and winning argument for the project was the outbreak of the
+**Civil War** in April 1861. The Union Pacific was to build westward
+from Omaha and the Central Pacific to build eastward from Sacramento. In
+return, these two companies would be subsidized by an extensive federal
+package of loans, bonds, cash payments, and land grants. In 1864, the
+**incentive package** was increased to allocation of land grants on
+alternate sections, forty miles in length, of the entire line which
+would eventually make the Central Pacific and the Union Pacific, thanks
+to the federal government, two of the largest landowners in the Far
+West.
+
+Four Sacramento businessmen, Huntington and Hopkins (hardware), Stanford
+(groceries), and Crocker (dry goods) were seemingly ordinary men, **the
+Big Four** as history would know them. Stanford, serving simultaneously
+as governor and president of the Central Pacific, broke ground on what
+turned out to be a six year epic of construction. Huntington would take
+care of lobbying in Washington, Stanford would see to state government,
+Crocker would supervise construction, and Hopkins would keep the books.
+
+There were not enough men in California willing to do this sort of
+backbreaking work at the price Crocker was willing to pay. Chinese were
+already marginalized out of mainstream employment and eventually ten
+thousand were employed. They more than proved their mettle against the
+competing Irish workers of the Union Pacific. The lines connected on May
+10, 1869 at Promontory Summit, Utah. What kind of world would this
+postrailroad era be for California, now that it was less than a week’s
+journey from the East Coast? California was now joining the national
+economy, including industrial culture. What would the hundreds of
+thousands of immigrants find? A better life? Or the same dreary,
+grinding poverty that had motivated their immigration in the first
+place?
+
+The decade of the 1870s was not a good time for the nation or for
+Europe, the worst depression thus far in American history. The president
+sent federal troops into a number of cities to contain a series of
+strikes against railroad companies. Marxism was making the transition
+from theory to practice beginning with the foundation in London in 1864
+of the International Workingmen’s Association. The violence of the
+frontier era had not been banished by the railroad. Far from it:
+violence seethed beneath the surface, and Chinese became the scapegoats
+for collapsed expectations.
+
+To understand the growth, one must look at San Francisco from two
+perspectives. It was the dominant urban concentration on the Pacific
+Coast, and was also a maritime colony of the eastern US and Europe. As
+such, it replicated the economic, social, and cultural institutions of
+advanced urbanism. The city began to fill with unemployed and restless
+men. Irish born Kearney told crowds that the capitalists of the city
+were running them into the ground and the Chinese were taking their
+jobs. Was this street theater or real revolution or both?
+
+The revised state constitution of 1879 dropped Spanish as the second
+legal language and a strong anti-Chinese immigration statement was
+adopted. Other provisions included regulation of corporations and
+establishment of a state Railroad Commission. It was considered a
+failure in its refusal to take up the issue of land monopoly. California
+was, for all practical purposes, empty. Where were the flourishing
+cities and townships, the family farms, the signs of human progress and
+civility? Instead, one saw endless steppes, an occasional shack housing
+alien labor. Why was this so? Because so very few people owned most of
+the land in the state. After all the fuss and bother, the riots and
+sandlot rallies, the incendiary rhetoric and pickax brigades, the
+marches and countermarches of state militia and demonstrators, the
+fistfights and gunfire, the four dead bodies, and the overhauling of the
+state constitution, California entered the 1880s as a state in which
+railroads, corporations, and large landowners continued to call the
+shots.

env/ch6.md

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+California State University Monterey Bay
+
+SBS 385 *Environmental History of California*
+
+***California: A History* (Starr 2005)**
+
+**Chapter 6: The Higher Provincialism: American Life in an Emergent
+Region**
+
+In 1908, Josiah Royce (born in Grass Valley, CA), the Harvard
+philosopher extolled regional life as something profoundly serving the
+human need for community. Americans needed such a personalized
+connection more then ever, now that the **United States was becoming an
+international empire**. Americans could discover what it meant to be an
+American when they discovered their American identity in a localized
+context. Royce’s favorite province for analysis was California,
+specifically its topography and climate. **California promoted
+simultaneously an independence of mind, individualism, and open
+simplicity of manner**. California was a prism through which the larger
+American identity, for better or worse, could be glimpsed. For instance,
+Gold Rush communities were largely male, by turns good-humored or
+violent.
+
+Samuel Clemens, working in San Francisco as a newspaper reporter, would
+reinvent himself as Mark Twain – canny, observant as to social types and
+distinctions, writing a mixed insider/outsider point of view. The
+success of his books (*The Celebrated Jumping From of Calaveras County
+and Other Sketches* in 1876 and *Roughing It* in 1872) turned him into a
+national figure.
+
+Clarence King’s Mountaineering in the Sierra Nevada (1872) represents a
+high point in the frontier genre of geological description and the
+mountaineering memoir. The writings of King and other geologists of the
+California Geological Survey established a record of accurate and
+well-written scientific fact, focusing on the history of the Sierra
+Nevada and its creation through catastrophe and its storage of geologic
+time, evoking the seas, convulsions, lava, and glaciers that created the
+Sierra in eons past.
+
+William Randolph Hearst, scion of mining millionaire George Hearst, a
+U.S. senator, was editor and publisher of the San Francisco Examiner. He
+pioneered journalistic techniques – featured writers, columns, crusading
+editorials backed by vivid cartoons, coverage of society, the sporting
+world – that he would soon take national.
+
+California supported art from the frontier days onward, and by the 1870s
+had firmly established itself as a center for landscape painting. There
+was plenty to paint in California, with an emphasis on such signature
+places as Mount Shasta, Mount Tamalpais, the Yosemite Valley, Clear
+Lake, the Napa Valley, and the oak-dotted hills of the East Bay.
+Likewise did photography flourish and early experiments in high
+technology would bring into being Silicon Valley and the world it
+revolutionized.
+
+In the 1870s, adobe gave way to brick and wood; candles and kerosene
+were replaced by gaslight; streets were paved and tracks laid for
+horsedrawn streetcars; police and fire departments were organized; a
+lending library was established; a city hall, county hospital, opera
+house, and theater opened, as **Los Angeles made the transition** from
+Mexican to American city.
+
+The opening of the transcontinental railroad route into **Southern
+California** precipitated the brief but transforming “Boom of the
+Eighties” that finalized the Americanization of Southern California.
+**Middle and upper middle class migration for reasons of health,
+tourism, winter sojourn, or permanent residence**. The perception of
+Southern California as Spanish Colonial daydream helped establish an
+expanded metaphor of Mediterraneanism in terms of climate and terrain
+and many **parallels to Mediterranean Europe** with comparisons to
+Spain, Italy, and Greece. Such an interplay of metaphors helped Southern
+California develop their built environment in a manner akin to a stage
+set.
+
+As the 20^th^ century dawned, the **population** of California stood at
+**1.5 million**, quite a small figure for such a vast state. Nearly half
+this population lived in the San Francisco Bay Area, compared with
+18,000 people living in San Diego. The railroad constituted the
+predominant public works infrastructure of California in the 19^th^
+century. The **railroad linked the state, shipped the freight, owned and
+developed the land, founded the cities of the interior, and controlled
+the political machines of San Francisco and Los Angeles**. The railroad
+was the primary fact and symbol of **industrialism**, hence the
+commanding icon of **modern** **life**.
+
+Already, sentiment was building for a better governance of this emergent
+society. California continued to require a makeover of its public
+culture, and reforming its architecture, town planning, business
+culture, and politics. The decade of the 1880s was of a **generation of
+pre-Progressive and Progressive reformers** who set about the business
+of trying to make California worthy of its geographical grandeur.
+University students were encouraged to practice high thinking and the
+strenuous life, to pursue high-minded, evolution-friendly theism whose
+matrix and primary symbol was California as natural place. The Golden
+Gate Kindergarten Association incorporated in 1884 in San Francisco
+became the model for free public kindergartens in the U.S. and abroad.
+
+At 5:12am on Wednesday April 18, 1906 the Pacific and North American
+tectonic plates suddenly sprang from nine to twenty-one feet past each
+other along the 290 miles of the San Andreas fault. The **Great
+Earthquake and Fire had ended the second phase of California’s
+development**, its High Provincial years of regional achievement and
+contentment. Ahead lay the challenge and task for the **next era**: the
+creation of an **infrastructure** that would make possible a
+**mega-state**.

env/ch7.md

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+California State University Monterey Bay
+
+SBS 385 *Environmental History of California*
+
+***California: A History* (Starr 2005)**
+
+**Chapter 7: Great Expectations: Creating the Infrastructure of a
+Mega-State**
+
+**In the second forty years as a state, the public works infrastructure
+of California was established**. The **dams, aqueducts, reservoirs,
+power plants, industrial sites, bridges, roadways, public buildings**,
+and stadiums served a growing population. They also foretold and
+empowered the mega-state to come.
+
+**It began with water**, the sine qua non of any civilization. Two
+thirds of the annual precipitation falls in the northern third of the
+state, much of Southern California is desert terrain, despite two great
+rivers, the Sacramento and San Joaquin, the Great Central Valley is
+itself a semiarid steppe, with soil baked by the sun to such hardness
+that it frequently had to be broken with dynamite. For California to
+become inhabitable and productive in its entirety would require a
+statewide water system of heroic magnitude.
+
+In 1878 the legislature passed the Drainage Act and appropriated funds
+for irrigation, drainage, and navigation studies. These studies put
+California into the historical context of irrigated civilizations of
+ancient and modern times.
+
+The **Wright Act of 1887** empowered local communities to form
+**irrigation districts** to divert river water to dry lands for
+irrigation and/or flood control, thus establishing the legal and
+political framework to bring water to previously arid land, and, in
+short order, **transform the Central Valley and portions of Southern
+California into an agricultural empire**.
+
+Developers were really **selling not so much land as water**. The
+Imperial Valley was promoted as the Egyptian delta of the United States
+with the Colorado River serving as its Nile. Promoters advanced **a
+biblical scenario** with Americans being called by the Lord to a life of
+missionary improvement. Irrigation, however, was a reorganization of
+nature, and all such reorderings have their risks.
+
+The **technology developed** in the Gold Rush for moving water across
+land led to the technology of irrigation, which would enlarge and
+stabilize the metropolitan infrastructure of San Francisco and Los
+Angeles. By 1900, 40% of the 1.5 million population lived either in the
+Bay Area or Greater Los Angeles, and each city knew it would need more
+water to serve its present population and support desired growth. Each
+city established an administrative board to develop water plans and
+programs, and each city pushed a major water project to a successful
+conclusion by tapping, in each case, a river – the **Owens for Los
+Angeles**, the **Tuolumne for San Francisco** – and bringing its water
+to the city through a system of dams, reservoirs, and aqueducts that
+took years to construct.
+
+The **water and hydroelectricity** thus obtained enabled each city to
+serve as many as 4 million residents, and in each instance, the water
+system involved almost equally monumental damage to the environment. In
+the case of San Francisco, the loss of the magnificent Hetch Hetchy
+Valley near Yosemite when the Tuolumne River was dammed and the valley
+was filled to create a reservoir, and in the case of Los Angeles, the
+desiccation and devastation of the once-fertile Owens Valley when the
+Owens River was siphoned off to Los Angeles. Each project, moreover, was
+plagued by claims of deception, double-dealing, and conflict of interest
+that became the subject of many histories, novels, and films, including
+the Oscar-winning *Chinatown*, in the decades ahead.
+
+It was easy to make a living in this **booming economy**. The
+construction of the Los Angeles Aqueduct kept thousands employed,
+agriculture and related activities (packing, shipping, canning, food
+processing), transportation and shipping, the forth busiest port in the
+nation, home building constant across three decades supported building
+trades (carpenters, plumbers, painters, landscapers), the oil industry,
+automobiles, the hotel and tourist industry, aviation and motion
+pictures, fishing industry, military bases, and numerous colleges and
+universities.
+
+The **Great Depression** of the 1930s witnessed the continuing creation
+of a statewide infrastructure as the state and federal governments
+sponsored ambitious programs of **public works** that, in effect,
+completed California: Hoover Dam (1935); **Central Valley Project** and
+associated dams, reservoirs, and aqueducts; **defense**
+**manufacturing**; state and county **roadways**; San Francisco-Oakland
+**Bay Bridge** (1936); and **Golden Gate Bridge** (1937).

env/final.md

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+---
+title: Final Exam
+author: Alejandro Santillana
+subtitle: CST 385 - Spring 2019
+documentclass: scrartcl
+date: May 10, 2019
+geometry: margin=1in
+---
+\pagenumbering{gobble}
+
+
+Part of the reason why cities like Los Angeles or San Fransisco have become as large as they are is because 19^th^ and 20^th^ century settlers had initially statyed in those areas because of several factors: lumber, and accessibility for travel.
+Considering the technology available to settlers, it made sense that they would settle in places easily accessible by sea as it was a much more efficient way to travel.
+This meant that finding natural harbors along the coastline could suggest a potential place to settle.
+In the 19^th^ century especially this was even more true considering that spanish settlers came primarily from the south by sea first, before permanently settling by land.
+
+During the process of mining gold miners would dig up soil to then sift through either with machines or with pans.
+The unwanted material, the dirt, rocks and other such things were usually just thrown back into the river.
+Because of this the now unsettled debris would make its way down rivers, polluting the local fish in that area, as well as disturbing things downstream.
+Terrestrially, the torn up river banks were only one part of the problem, as the miners still had to make camps and small towns where they could live.
+Therefore the surrounding forestry would be cut for materials for further mining.
+As the surface gold was exhausted miners turned to hydraulic mining which caused whole hillsides to be geographically reformed, and the debris would get washed away downstream.
+
+Chapter 5 discusses the later half of the 18^th^ century and specifically examines how bot people and money was moving throughout the state at the time.
+While the gold rush had brought a large bounty for those who could claim it the land which the state offered was still a massive portion of the available wealth in California which was still largely debated.
+Part of the issue was that landowners across California were really in largely distinct areas, from urban places like the San Fransisco Bay Area and Southern California which was barely settled.
+For this reason there was tension between legislators in Washington D.C. trying to make all of California a single state, and landowser which asked for seperation due to the various regions' distinctions.
+Even as issues of land ownership were discussed industries continued to give way to progress in one form or another. 
+It was because of the gold rush that so many people moved into the state at once, creating a large demand for aggriculture, giving farmers and ranchers alike a reason stay.

env/makefile

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+all:
+	pandoc final.md -o final.pdf