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California State University Monterey Bay
SBS 385 *Environmental History of California*
California: A History (Starr 2005) Chapter Notes on the themes of
Science and Technology, Art and Lifestyle
**Chapter 10 O Brave New World!: Seeking Utopia Through Science and
Technology**
The development of mining technology led to the Pelton turbine, a
California invention, which in turn brought **hydroelectricity**, which
in turn made possible an industrial infrastructure. In California,
**aviation** was adopted and perfected, by the 1920s scientists took the
lead in **vacuum tube technology**, making possible **radio** and
**television**, and the 1930s were smashing the **atom**, the 1950s
through the **semiconductor**, the digital revolution, then came
**biotechnology**.
In each instance, the specific **scientific, engineering, or
technological advance** emerging from California was linked to the
effort to **discover a truth**, **solve a problem**, **make a profit**,
make **productive use of one’s time**, and, in the process, make the
world **a better and more interesting place**. Open, flexible,
entrepreneurial, unembarrassed by the profit motive, California emerged
as a society friendly to the **search for utopia through science and
technology**. The **California Academy of Sciences** goal would be the
“systematic survey of every portion of the state and the collection of a
cabinet of rare and rich productions”.
A group of Californians led by Frederick Law Olmsted, the noted traveler
and landscape architect, lobbied through Congress a bill setting aside
under the protection of the state a huge tract of Sierra land that
included the Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Big Trees. Camping trips
became a rite of passage and celebration for Californians eager to
define to themselves just exactly what California was all about.
John Muir encountered Yosemite and the mountains of California that gave
rise to a lifetime vocation. He served as the first president of the
Sierra Club, founded in 1892, and in 1903 camped out in Yosemite with
President Theodore Roosevelt. He ceaselessly advocated the creation of a
national park system.
**Geology, mining, astronomy, aviation**: here were some basic
stimulants to scientific creativity in California. New inventions in
Palo Alto would soon be making an entirely new world of
**transcontinental phone calls, radio, television, and high-speed
electronics** possible. In the first three decades of the 20^th^
century, Stanford University developed a special expertise in
**electrical engineering**. Across the Bay in Berkeley, meanwhile, a
contribution was being made to the most important scientific and
technological feat of the 20^th^ century: releasing the power of the
atom, making Berkeley a center for **nuclear research**. Palo Alto had
become the epicenter of **high-tech venture capitalism**, serving
Silicon Valley start-ups.
Silicon Valley, as the region triangulated by Palo Alto, Sunnyvale, and
San Jose soon came to be called, was a place, a culture, a center of
invention and manufacture that revolutionized society itself by taking
to new levels the way people communicated, stored and retrieved
information, analyzed problems, and increasingly, thought. It was as if
a new neural network had been created for the human race: a digital and
silicon-based circuitry that extended the capacity of the individual
human being by linking him or her to a vast ocean of data and to
software applications capable of driving a myriad of programs for
navigating that ocean. The introduction to the public in 1983 of the
**Internet** – in the invention of which California-based scientists
played key roles – compounded this collective nooshphere (to use the
terminology of the Jesuit mystic Teilhard de Chardin), this shared and
integrated community of information. No wonder Silicon Valley companies
were so different in their organizational structure, so nonhierarchical,
so quick to cluster talent for specific purposes, then reassemble it for
another task! **Their very product represented an** **evolutionary step
forward for the human race**.
Yet so fervent had become this faith in science that 59% of the
Californians voting in the November 2004 election passed Proposition 71
authorizing the sale of \$3 billion in bonds over a ten-year period to
finance state-monitored programs of stem cell research. Bypassing the
National Institutes of Health, which had been sponsoring biological
research at the federal level for 117 years, Proposition 71 asserted
California as a nation-state enamored – beyond considerations of
theology and/or fiscal prudence in the midst of a continuing budget
crisis – of seeking utopia through science and technology, which had
become a way of life.
**Chapter 11 An Imagine Place: Art and Life on the Coast of Dreams**
The 20^th^ century witnessed the debut of **three entertainment media**
– film, radio, and television – dependent upon electronic technologies
developed in California. California continued to energize the arts as
matrix, occasion, and subject, the **arts defined and redefined
California as an imagined place**.
Robinson **Jeffers** (poet who lived in Carmel-by-the-Sea) took the
fundamental aesthetic premise of California since the mid-nineteenth
century, **nature**, and make of it **a lifestyle, a philosophy, and a
poetic practice**.
John **Steinbeck** (raised in Salinas and studied biology at Stanford)
saw human life more elemental terms: biologically, that is, as living
organisms in a landscape, and collectively as “group-man” held together
by biological linkages.
William **Saroyan** (writer of Fresno and San Francisco) sought to fill
the void – in his case, the suspected emptiness of the universe itself –
with his version of that perennial concern of California writers,
bohemianism, which is to say, the shoring up of threatened identities
through art and “hanging out.”
Aldous **Huxley’s** *After Many a Summer Dies the Swan* (1939) – which
some consider the best Los Angeles novel ever – satirizes California’s
fake promise of youth through the figure of an aging tycoon based on
William Randolph Hearst. It ends apocalyptically.
This sense of California’s promise betrayed and doom impending provides
a leitmotif of writing in the postwar period, most notably by
Sacramento-born Joan Didion. She more than implied that both her
personal California, in terms of the myths she had absorbed as a child,
and the larger California experiment contained what she believed to be a
crippling level of deceit and self-deception.
The **Beats** of the 1950s agreed, with San Francisco becoming the
epicenter of the movement for City Lights bookstore founder and poet
Lawrence Ferlinghetti and writer Jack Kerouac (*On The Road*, *Dharma
Bums*, *Big Sur*). Allan Ginsberg’s poem *Howl*, the poetic manifesto of
the Beat movement, evoked the anguish of a postwar generation oppressed
by the soulless materialism of corporate America and took refuge in sex,
rebellion, and drugs, often to their own destruction. Theirs was a
style, a posture, an attitude – as much political as literary – toward
postwar America, which they believed had become corporate, right-wing,
cold, and conformist.
Gary **Snyder** (poet and UC Davis professor of English) ultimately
eschewed politics in favor of a **nature-oriented mysticism** that had
been a persistent theme of imaginative writing in California since the
frontier. Snyder had from the beginning the ambience of a seeker. He
spent twelve years studying Zen Buddhism in Japan and also visited India
in search of enlightenment. As artist, Gary Snyder was the greatest of
the Beats, a notable American poet of any school, and, in his nature
orientation and environmentalism, the example *par excellence* of the
California tradition he represented and fulfilled.
The **Outdoor Life** characterized the California lifestyle since the
19^th^ century. If California has made any contribution to sport on a
national level, it is in the democratization of pursuits that were
previously the prerogatives of elites, **thanks to recreational policies
of Progressivism**.
Surfing would become an affordable, widespread pursuit, an icon of the
California lifestyle, celebrated in song, film, advertising, and other
media, where everyone is forever young and looked great. Mountaineering,
skiing, rock climbing, windsurfing, hang gliding – at the interface of
nature and science further reinforced the “DNA code” of California.

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California State University Monterey Bay
SBS 385 *Environmental History of California*
Excerpts from *California: A History* (Starr 2005) CH 5 Regulation,
Railroad, and Revolution: Achievement and Turmoil in the New State
Who owned the state, anyway? Very few of the original land grantees had
come through the process with their holdings, it was a significant
**transfer of wealth**. The question of **land grants** – their origins
in the Hispanic era, their validity or invalidity, the lives that were
made or ruined by titles confirmed or denied – emerged as one of the
important themes of 19^th^ century California, a situation that would be
compounded when the railroad became the largest landowner. California
would remain resistant to small farming. Extensive holdings, together
with the quasi-feudal economy they encourage, continued to dictate the
structure of agriculture.
Landowners of Southern California argued for a separate territory south
of San Louis Obispo while statehood was being debated in Washington DC
as an effort to extend slavery to the Pacific Coast. The real impetus
behind dividing California came from the fact that the state was truly
two, and perhaps even four, **distinct places**: the urbanizing San
Francisco Bay Area and the mining districts; the Far North; the Central
Valley; and a sparsely settled Southern California, significantly
Mexican. The question of dividing the state, while it has grown
increasingly impractical over the years, has never fully gone away.
It was all happening so quickly! Not for California would there be- nor
would there ever be, as it turned out- a deliberate process of
**development**. Mining, first gold then silver, paced the foundation
and first growth of American California. Agriculture was destined to
dominate the next sequence of development. The hinterlands of San
Francisco from San Jose to Healdsburg were developing into productive
farms, Marin had a thriving dairy industry, and in 1859 people were
extolling the future of vinticulture and wine-making. The **Gold Rush**
gave a second wind to the cattle industry.
A number of Hispanic males, displaced by the new order, took to the
hills as bandits (or freedom fighters a later generation would write).
Prominent **Californios** maintained their positions, but theirs was,
ultimately, a time of gradual decline: a twilight of splendor that, even
as it waned, would in the 1880s and 1890s be reappropriated by a
generation of **Anglo** Southern Californians anxious to graft
themselves onto the rootstock of a romantic past. As the Civil War
approached, **Hispanic** sentiment was overwhelmingly **Unionist**, and
political sentiment in the state was overwhelmingly pro-Union.
It was national policy to extend the **railroad** across the continent.
The best and winning argument for the project was the outbreak of the
**Civil War** in April 1861. The Union Pacific was to build westward
from Omaha and the Central Pacific to build eastward from Sacramento. In
return, these two companies would be subsidized by an extensive federal
package of loans, bonds, cash payments, and land grants. In 1864, the
**incentive package** was increased to allocation of land grants on
alternate sections, forty miles in length, of the entire line which
would eventually make the Central Pacific and the Union Pacific, thanks
to the federal government, two of the largest landowners in the Far
West.
Four Sacramento businessmen, Huntington and Hopkins (hardware), Stanford
(groceries), and Crocker (dry goods) were seemingly ordinary men, **the
Big Four** as history would know them. Stanford, serving simultaneously
as governor and president of the Central Pacific, broke ground on what
turned out to be a six year epic of construction. Huntington would take
care of lobbying in Washington, Stanford would see to state government,
Crocker would supervise construction, and Hopkins would keep the books.
There were not enough men in California willing to do this sort of
backbreaking work at the price Crocker was willing to pay. Chinese were
already marginalized out of mainstream employment and eventually ten
thousand were employed. They more than proved their mettle against the
competing Irish workers of the Union Pacific. The lines connected on May
10, 1869 at Promontory Summit, Utah. What kind of world would this
postrailroad era be for California, now that it was less than a week’s
journey from the East Coast? California was now joining the national
economy, including industrial culture. What would the hundreds of
thousands of immigrants find? A better life? Or the same dreary,
grinding poverty that had motivated their immigration in the first
place?
The decade of the 1870s was not a good time for the nation or for
Europe, the worst depression thus far in American history. The president
sent federal troops into a number of cities to contain a series of
strikes against railroad companies. Marxism was making the transition
from theory to practice beginning with the foundation in London in 1864
of the International Workingmen’s Association. The violence of the
frontier era had not been banished by the railroad. Far from it:
violence seethed beneath the surface, and Chinese became the scapegoats
for collapsed expectations.
To understand the growth, one must look at San Francisco from two
perspectives. It was the dominant urban concentration on the Pacific
Coast, and was also a maritime colony of the eastern US and Europe. As
such, it replicated the economic, social, and cultural institutions of
advanced urbanism. The city began to fill with unemployed and restless
men. Irish born Kearney told crowds that the capitalists of the city
were running them into the ground and the Chinese were taking their
jobs. Was this street theater or real revolution or both?
The revised state constitution of 1879 dropped Spanish as the second
legal language and a strong anti-Chinese immigration statement was
adopted. Other provisions included regulation of corporations and
establishment of a state Railroad Commission. It was considered a
failure in its refusal to take up the issue of land monopoly. California
was, for all practical purposes, empty. Where were the flourishing
cities and townships, the family farms, the signs of human progress and
civility? Instead, one saw endless steppes, an occasional shack housing
alien labor. Why was this so? Because so very few people owned most of
the land in the state. After all the fuss and bother, the riots and
sandlot rallies, the incendiary rhetoric and pickax brigades, the
marches and countermarches of state militia and demonstrators, the
fistfights and gunfire, the four dead bodies, and the overhauling of the
state constitution, California entered the 1880s as a state in which
railroads, corporations, and large landowners continued to call the
shots.

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California State University Monterey Bay
SBS 385 *Environmental History of California*
**California: A History* (Starr 2005)**
**Chapter 6: The Higher Provincialism: American Life in an Emergent
Region**
In 1908, Josiah Royce (born in Grass Valley, CA), the Harvard
philosopher extolled regional life as something profoundly serving the
human need for community. Americans needed such a personalized
connection more then ever, now that the **United States was becoming an
international empire**. Americans could discover what it meant to be an
American when they discovered their American identity in a localized
context. Royce’s favorite province for analysis was California,
specifically its topography and climate. **California promoted
simultaneously an independence of mind, individualism, and open
simplicity of manner**. California was a prism through which the larger
American identity, for better or worse, could be glimpsed. For instance,
Gold Rush communities were largely male, by turns good-humored or
violent.
Samuel Clemens, working in San Francisco as a newspaper reporter, would
reinvent himself as Mark Twain – canny, observant as to social types and
distinctions, writing a mixed insider/outsider point of view. The
success of his books (*The Celebrated Jumping From of Calaveras County
and Other Sketches* in 1876 and *Roughing It* in 1872) turned him into a
national figure.
Clarence King’s Mountaineering in the Sierra Nevada (1872) represents a
high point in the frontier genre of geological description and the
mountaineering memoir. The writings of King and other geologists of the
California Geological Survey established a record of accurate and
well-written scientific fact, focusing on the history of the Sierra
Nevada and its creation through catastrophe and its storage of geologic
time, evoking the seas, convulsions, lava, and glaciers that created the
Sierra in eons past.
William Randolph Hearst, scion of mining millionaire George Hearst, a
U.S. senator, was editor and publisher of the San Francisco Examiner. He
pioneered journalistic techniques – featured writers, columns, crusading
editorials backed by vivid cartoons, coverage of society, the sporting
world – that he would soon take national.
California supported art from the frontier days onward, and by the 1870s
had firmly established itself as a center for landscape painting. There
was plenty to paint in California, with an emphasis on such signature
places as Mount Shasta, Mount Tamalpais, the Yosemite Valley, Clear
Lake, the Napa Valley, and the oak-dotted hills of the East Bay.
Likewise did photography flourish and early experiments in high
technology would bring into being Silicon Valley and the world it
revolutionized.
In the 1870s, adobe gave way to brick and wood; candles and kerosene
were replaced by gaslight; streets were paved and tracks laid for
horsedrawn streetcars; police and fire departments were organized; a
lending library was established; a city hall, county hospital, opera
house, and theater opened, as **Los Angeles made the transition** from
Mexican to American city.
The opening of the transcontinental railroad route into **Southern
California** precipitated the brief but transforming “Boom of the
Eighties” that finalized the Americanization of Southern California.
**Middle and upper middle class migration for reasons of health,
tourism, winter sojourn, or permanent residence**. The perception of
Southern California as Spanish Colonial daydream helped establish an
expanded metaphor of Mediterraneanism in terms of climate and terrain
and many **parallels to Mediterranean Europe** with comparisons to
Spain, Italy, and Greece. Such an interplay of metaphors helped Southern
California develop their built environment in a manner akin to a stage
set.
As the 20^th^ century dawned, the **population** of California stood at
**1.5 million**, quite a small figure for such a vast state. Nearly half
this population lived in the San Francisco Bay Area, compared with
18,000 people living in San Diego. The railroad constituted the
predominant public works infrastructure of California in the 19^th^
century. The **railroad linked the state, shipped the freight, owned and
developed the land, founded the cities of the interior, and controlled
the political machines of San Francisco and Los Angeles**. The railroad
was the primary fact and symbol of **industrialism**, hence the
commanding icon of **modern** **life**.
Already, sentiment was building for a better governance of this emergent
society. California continued to require a makeover of its public
culture, and reforming its architecture, town planning, business
culture, and politics. The decade of the 1880s was of a **generation of
pre-Progressive and Progressive reformers** who set about the business
of trying to make California worthy of its geographical grandeur.
University students were encouraged to practice high thinking and the
strenuous life, to pursue high-minded, evolution-friendly theism whose
matrix and primary symbol was California as natural place. The Golden
Gate Kindergarten Association incorporated in 1884 in San Francisco
became the model for free public kindergartens in the U.S. and abroad.
At 5:12am on Wednesday April 18, 1906 the Pacific and North American
tectonic plates suddenly sprang from nine to twenty-one feet past each
other along the 290 miles of the San Andreas fault. The **Great
Earthquake and Fire had ended the second phase of California’s
development**, its High Provincial years of regional achievement and
contentment. Ahead lay the challenge and task for the **next era**: the
creation of an **infrastructure** that would make possible a
**mega-state**.

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California State University Monterey Bay
SBS 385 *Environmental History of California*
***California: A History* (Starr 2005)**
**Chapter 7: Great Expectations: Creating the Infrastructure of a
Mega-State**
**In the second forty years as a state, the public works infrastructure
of California was established**. The **dams, aqueducts, reservoirs,
power plants, industrial sites, bridges, roadways, public buildings**,
and stadiums served a growing population. They also foretold and
empowered the mega-state to come.
**It began with water**, the sine qua non of any civilization. Two
thirds of the annual precipitation falls in the northern third of the
state, much of Southern California is desert terrain, despite two great
rivers, the Sacramento and San Joaquin, the Great Central Valley is
itself a semiarid steppe, with soil baked by the sun to such hardness
that it frequently had to be broken with dynamite. For California to
become inhabitable and productive in its entirety would require a
statewide water system of heroic magnitude.
In 1878 the legislature passed the Drainage Act and appropriated funds
for irrigation, drainage, and navigation studies. These studies put
California into the historical context of irrigated civilizations of
ancient and modern times.
The **Wright Act of 1887** empowered local communities to form
**irrigation districts** to divert river water to dry lands for
irrigation and/or flood control, thus establishing the legal and
political framework to bring water to previously arid land, and, in
short order, **transform the Central Valley and portions of Southern
California into an agricultural empire**.
Developers were really **selling not so much land as water**. The
Imperial Valley was promoted as the Egyptian delta of the United States
with the Colorado River serving as its Nile. Promoters advanced **a
biblical scenario** with Americans being called by the Lord to a life of
missionary improvement. Irrigation, however, was a reorganization of
nature, and all such reorderings have their risks.
The **technology developed** in the Gold Rush for moving water across
land led to the technology of irrigation, which would enlarge and
stabilize the metropolitan infrastructure of San Francisco and Los
Angeles. By 1900, 40% of the 1.5 million population lived either in the
Bay Area or Greater Los Angeles, and each city knew it would need more
water to serve its present population and support desired growth. Each
city established an administrative board to develop water plans and
programs, and each city pushed a major water project to a successful
conclusion by tapping, in each case, a river – the **Owens for Los
Angeles**, the **Tuolumne for San Francisco** – and bringing its water
to the city through a system of dams, reservoirs, and aqueducts that
took years to construct.
The **water and hydroelectricity** thus obtained enabled each city to
serve as many as 4 million residents, and in each instance, the water
system involved almost equally monumental damage to the environment. In
the case of San Francisco, the loss of the magnificent Hetch Hetchy
Valley near Yosemite when the Tuolumne River was dammed and the valley
was filled to create a reservoir, and in the case of Los Angeles, the
desiccation and devastation of the once-fertile Owens Valley when the
Owens River was siphoned off to Los Angeles. Each project, moreover, was
plagued by claims of deception, double-dealing, and conflict of interest
that became the subject of many histories, novels, and films, including
the Oscar-winning *Chinatown*, in the decades ahead.
It was easy to make a living in this **booming economy**. The
construction of the Los Angeles Aqueduct kept thousands employed,
agriculture and related activities (packing, shipping, canning, food
processing), transportation and shipping, the forth busiest port in the
nation, home building constant across three decades supported building
trades (carpenters, plumbers, painters, landscapers), the oil industry,
automobiles, the hotel and tourist industry, aviation and motion
pictures, fishing industry, military bases, and numerous colleges and
universities.
The **Great Depression** of the 1930s witnessed the continuing creation
of a statewide infrastructure as the state and federal governments
sponsored ambitious programs of **public works** that, in effect,
completed California: Hoover Dam (1935); **Central Valley Project** and
associated dams, reservoirs, and aqueducts; **defense**
**manufacturing**; state and county **roadways**; San Francisco-Oakland
**Bay Bridge** (1936); and **Golden Gate Bridge** (1937).

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---
title: Final Exam
author: Alejandro Santillana
subtitle: CST 385 - Spring 2019
documentclass: scrartcl
date: May 10, 2019
geometry: margin=1in
---
\pagenumbering{gobble}
Part of the reason why cities like Los Angeles or San Fransisco have become as large as they are is because 19^th^ and 20^th^ century settlers had initially stayed in those areas because of several factors: lumber, and accessibility for travel.
Considering the technology available to settlers, it made sense that they would settle in places easily accessible by sea as it was a much more efficient way to travel.
This meant that finding natural harbors along the coastline could suggest a potential place to settle.
In the 19^th^ century especially this was even more true considering that spanish settlers came primarily from the south by sea first, before permanently settling by land.
During the process of mining gold miners would dig up soil to then sift through either with machines or with pans.
The unwanted material, the dirt, rocks and other such things were usually just thrown back into the river.
Because of this the now unsettled debris would make its way down rivers, polluting the local fish in that area, as well as disturbing things downstream.
Terrestrially, the torn up river banks were only one part of the problem, as the miners still had to make camps and small towns where they could live.
Therefore the surrounding forestry would be cut for materials for further mining.
As the surface gold was exhausted miners turned to hydraulic mining which caused entire hillsides to be geographically reformed, and the debris would get washed away downstream.
Chapter 5 discusses the later half of the 18^th^ century and specifically examines how bot people and money was moving throughout the state at the time.
While the gold rush had brought a large bounty for those who could claim it the land which the state offered was still a massive portion of the available wealth in California which was still largely debated.
Part of the issue was that landowners across California were really in largely distinct areas, from urban places like the San Fransisco Bay Area and Southern California which was barely settled.
For this reason there was tension between legislators in Washington D.C. trying to make all of California a single state, and landowner which asked for seperation due to the various regions' distinctions.
Even as issues of land ownership were discussed industries continued to give way to progress in one form or another.
It is because of the gold rush that so many people moved into the state at once, creating a large demand for agriculture, giving farmers and ranchers alike a reason to stay.
Chapter 6 explains how Over time Californians began to find some sense of identity as art in California found its place.
This becomes especially evident when there was much for artists, especially landscape painters to discuss and present.
And just as before with the gold rush there was in the 1880's the completion of the transcontinental railroad, which allowed more people to come into the state.
With travel to a place of new opportunity quicker than before more people could come to the state should they be looking for a potential new opportunity.
What this meant for the landscape of California was that there would be development spreading across the state from centers like San Fransisco or Los Angeles.
The largest source of this development across the state was in fact the railroad as well, because it had to span across so much land in California.
As the railroad grew so did the need for water across the state.
For that reason 1870's and 1880's saw a significant push to control the water as evidenced by legislation such as the _Drainage Act of 1878_, which provided funds for irrigation research.
It's with these funds that allowed work to be done provide water to areas such as San Fransisco or Los Angeles where the populations made a significant portion of the state's overall population.
The effect of this diversion of water meant that the Hetch Hetchy Valley and Owen's Valley were drained completely altering the local environments in a seriously damaging.
Because the population kept growing however a increasing demand for water pushed the creation of more dams and reservoirs throughout California.
All of this of came at the cost of changing significant portions of California's ecology and geology.
The California State Water Plan shows an even larger scale change than before.
This time however, instead of just diverting the flow of rivers and streams, the plan also included storing water so it can used elsewhere.
This furthers the issue of tampering with the natural water cycle which creates a net loss for wild rivers as they will often decrease in size.
Chapter 8 of _Green Versus Gold_ describes the change for farmer families which caused them grow from effectivly small entities to large busisnesses.
As California's population grew so did the need for food so of course small farms grew along with the population.
Slowly becoming more corporate in some cases as the demand of the ever growing communities also grew.
To take an example of a protected resource the National Redwood forests protect lumber as a resource.
More than just lumber of course is protected in these parks however, as there are full ecosystems which are protect by association of being part of the parks.
Apart from the usual natural resources found in parks there are also culturally significant sites such as Fremont's Peak in Monterey County.
While there isn't raw material resources to use it is left protected because it serves as a cultural reminder of a significant point in California's history.
In both of these cases one can see a representation of California's bounty, be it in the form of lumber in the Redwood forests or the potential for opportunity represented by Fremont's peak.
The 1930's and 40's for California saw large changes to the infrastructure of the state's water system.
With new dams being built to attempt to provide necessary resources to the ever expanding population it was in some senses a time of growth.
While writer's and artists may have expressed feelings of closeness with the landscapes and natural beauty California had, still there was not nearly as much support for such feelings as later in the 60's and 70's.
It is in the later 60's and 70's that more support for California's environment emerges as we learn more about the human effect on the surrounding nature.
Humans having an effect becomes completely apparent as one starts to look back on history keeping in mind environmental state.
A more educated population then would have have more likely to usher in an event like Earth Day, where perhaps such an event could not have existed prior.
Given the history of people and California, the place it would seem that the title, _The Death and Life of Monterey Bay_ would allude to how the state had been mistreated.
An example of the _Life of Monterey Bay_ after its apparent death is the otter population which many believed to be extinct.
A treaty in 1911 prevented otter pelts from being traded which meant the tiny otter population could slowly grow to an appropriate size.
Algae populations were also rising due to, "The removal of sharks by the world's fisheries ... let ray populations bloom in some estuaries, and the rays have eaten the scallops there... the resulting bloom of algae smothers the corals" (Palumbi, 150).
By removing humans from meddling with the natural order of things in Monterey Bay this blooming algae population slowly decreased as well because the fish in the area were able to recuperate their population.
It is because of the concious decision that people made, to protect the local wildlife, which allowed things like the otter population to recover, or the algae blooms to be more controlled.
Class activities help to achieve the goals which CSUMB strives for as often they allow students to participate and practice that which is taught to them.
Whether the activity is a more "_hands-on_" activity or an informal discussion just allowing the students to try new things allows the students to learn to be more autonomous.
As for suggestions class discussions fueled by contemporary events relevant to the course material always seemed to be the most interesting.
My hometown is Aliso Viejo, a small suburban town in southern California where the climate is typically much dryer than Monterey Bay.
Though the town is mostly suburban there is a healthy population of wildlife which has been protected for some time as part of Orange County's environmental conservation efforts.
Because of these efforts there is both wildlife and natural streams that cut between some of the hilly landscape.
Relatively speaking Aliso Viejo is among the more prosperous areas in California from a economic point of view.
Because of the economic state and culture of Aliso Viejo it means that ongoing conservation efforts are maintained in their current state.
Overall this course has shown me personally just how deep the history of California goes and has shown parts of the state which I hadn't known existed before.
Coming from my hometown and spending so much time in larger cities clouded my view the rest of the state and this course has help to give me more clear image of the state at large.
To close it is paramount that we look to through the environmental history of California to find what patterns have existed in order to avoid previous negative trends when possible.
The impact we as a society have on the environment around us is often either irreversible or nearly so to limit scenarios of attempting to reverse poor decisions we should use history as a means to avoid such scenarios.
Primarily we should measure our actions unlike before when we built dams, reservoirs, or even cut down whole forests so that we can avoid unforeseen and irreversible damages.

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The Midterm Exam tested your ability to demonstrate an understanding of
course content.  The exam questions asked you to recall facts,
locations, and concepts that provide a foundation to the study of
human-environment relations relevant to an *environmental* history of
California.  Most of the questions asked "what?", "where?", and "when?",
so effective responses generally identified and described information.
The Final Take Home Exam is open books/notes/resources. The questions
are designed to assess your ability to analyze and apply what you are
learning in the course rather than on your skill to memorize
information. The focus is on asking you to describe and explain the
“how?” and “why?” behind historical events and to make connections
between natural processes, biological and cultural diversity; people,
their migration patterns, resource use practices, and cultural
landscapes; and local, regional, and global events in their social,
political, economic, and environmental context.
The exam format allows students to prepare a complete, accurate,
concise, and detailed single document that includes text, maps,
graphics, images, the use of citations, and a list of references similar
to a research paper.
Sources of information include the required and suggested readings and
materials posted to iLearn, including journal articles, news media
articles, reports, videos, PowerPoint presentations, maps, as well as
the midterm exam, assignments, guest speakers, class discussions, and
forums.
Grading criteria: Follow the outline provided below and use section
headings to guide the reader through the document. Cite your sources in
the text and format all citations in a reference list properly formatted
in a style of your choice (APA, MLA, Chicago etc …). Check spelling and
grammar, format as a PDF document, and post to the iLearn Final Exam
folder by **Monday May 13 by 11:55pm** (no .doc, .docx, pages, .wps,
.txt, google doc, or other styles to ensure that your formatting is not
altered when converted for grading in iLearn).
Late exams will receive a five point penalty out of a total of 100
points.
Additional points will be added to the final exam score based on the
quality and quantity of extra credit responses included in your
document.
Title Page
Include an original title for the final exam, your name, date, class
information, semester, and instructor name.
I. Introduction
II\. Environmental History
How do the tensions suggested in the Introduction of *Green Versus Gold*
and the myths and realities described in The Preface: A Nation-State and
Chapter 1 Queen Calafia’s Island in the book *California: A History*
apply to an understanding of contemporary California?
III\. Environmental Degradation
How did the commercial exploitation of resources in the 19^th^ and
20^th^ centuries as described in Chapters 2, 3, 4, and 8 of *The Death
and Life of Monterey Bay*, and Chapter 4 of *Green Versus Gold* degrade
marine and terrestrial ecosystems?
IV\. Environmental Management
Explain one or more of the primary themes/issues for *each* of the
Chapters 5-8 in *Green Versus Gold* based on your readings of the
chapters and class discussions. See project description document for a
partial list of key terms and concepts.
V. Environmental Conservation
What natural and cultural resources are protected in National Parks
and/or State Parks that you investigated? How are these resources
representative of California?
a\. Extra credit: Who was John Muir and what is his legacy in terms of
environmental conservation in California, the United States, and in the
world?
VI\. Historical contexts
John Steinbeck’s newspaper articles included in the *Harvest Gypsies*
and his observations as chronicled in the film *Journey to the Sea of
Cortez* provide examples of the social, political, economic, and
environmental context of the 1930s-1940s in California and the world.
Compare and contrast this historical context with social, political,
economic, and environmental events of the 1960s-1970s when Environmental
History became an academic field of study and the first Earth Day was
celebrated in 1970 as described in the documentary *Earth Days*.
b\. Extra credit: Expanding on your response to question VI. Historical
Contexts, describe some of the social, economic, political, and
environmental context of the contemporary period in which we currently
live that help you to understand the world.
VII\. Environmental Restoration
What is implied by the book title *The Death and Life of Monterey Bay*
and Part III The Recovery? Why do the authors suggest that Monterey Bay
be considered a case study for “good environmental news”?
VIII\. Environmental Sciences and Environmental Ethics
Describe the three ethical dilemmas in the concluding chapter of *Green
Versus Gold* and explain why an interdisciplinary approach to learning
can contribute to a future of “renewal and synthesis as nature and
culture come together in new visions and appreciation for a potentially
green *and* golden state” (Merchant 1998:pxvii).
IX\. Political Action Project
Review the CSUMB Founding Vision Statement <
<https://csumb.edu/about/founding-vision-statement>&gt; and the Mission
and Strategic Plan, Core Values, and Academic Goals &lt;
<https://csumb.edu/about/mission-strategic-plan>&gt;. How can class
activities contribute to achieving the aspirations identified in these
CSUMB documents? Can you suggest class activities to improve student
engagement with campus stewardship and improve education and awareness
of sustainability-related issues on campus?
c\. Extra credit: How might a K-12 teacher incorporate environmental
history in their lesson plans? In your response, consider both classroom
and outdoor activities, including field trips to protected areas and
other places that inspire you?
X. Sense of Place
Describe a sense of place for the location you currently live, your
hometown in California, or somewhere that you have spent a significant
portion of time in California. In addition to using the four spheres
(lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere) to organize your
observations and experiences of the natural environment, provide
additional context about the place and its position in the contemporary
socio-economic context of the Five Californias found in the *Portrait of
California Report*. Is this a place that is prospering or in decline as
suggested by your observations and the report?
d\. Extra credit: How has this class contributed to your understanding of
the State of California and what are any recommendations to improve the
course?
XII\. Conclusion
XIII\. References